WASH standards compliance among staff (Rangers, Guides, Porters) at Volcanoes National Park, Rwanda.

Background:
Volcanoes National Park (VNP) in Rwanda is a diverse ecosystem that encompasses
various habitats and is home to endangered species such as gorillas and golden monkeys. The study
aimed to assess the knowledge and implementation of Water, Sanitation, and Hygiene (WASH)
practices among field staff members at VNP, emphasizing the importance of One Health principles
for maintaining a sustainable and balanced ecosystem. Additionally, the compliance of the
infrastructure at patrol posts within the park was evaluated to ensure a safe and healthy
environment for both park personnel and wildlife.

Methods:
The research utilized a survey questionnaire to gather demographic, descriptive, and
infrastructure data, as well as assess participants' WASH knowledge and implementation levels.
Additionally, direct observations were carried out using an adapted WASH-FIT checklist to
evaluate infrastructure compliance at patrol posts. Data analysis involved various statistical
methods, including descriptive statistics, chi-square tests, Fisher's exact tests, Cramer's V tests,
bivariate logistic regression, Wilcoxon signed-rank tests, and Spearman's rho correlation, all
performed using SPSS.

Results:
A survey of 233 participants revealed variations in knowledge levels among professional
categories, with guides scoring the highest knowledge level (Median=94.7%). However,
implementation of WASH practices was comparatively lower than knowledge level for all
professions. A significant positive association was found between knowledge and implementation,
with higher knowledge levels generally associated with better WASH practices. The WASH-FIT
checklist identified deficiencies in water, sanitation, and hygiene facilities at patrol posts.

Discussion and Conclusion:
The study findings underscore the association between profession and
education level with WASH knowledge, aligning with existing research. Poor WASH
infrastructure was identified as a contributing factor to subpar implementation, as inadequate
facilities hinder staff from ensuring proper WASH practices. Therefore, it is crucial to integrate
One Health principles into VNP's WASH practices to maintain a balanced ecosystem and prevent
disease transmission. Targeted interventions are imperative, encompassing improved
infrastructure, hygiene promotion, WASH training and increasing awareness among park
personnel regarding WASH practices and its interconnectedness with human and animal health.
Collaboration among park management, researchers, and local communities is vital for successful
implementation. Taking a holistic approach to health and well-being is key to fostering positive
and sustainable changes in WASH practices at VNP.